The more adverse the listening conditions, the less spare capacity we have to encode information into LTM. Another output from the system is episodic LTM, where information encoded into LTM is dependent on the type of processing carried out in WM. Every turn primes RAMBPHO, so the system is undergoing constant dynamic changes, optimizing brain work all the time. To conceptualize the time scale on which the explicit loop operates, consider what happens when two people in a dialogue take turns speaking. The output of the system is some level of understanding or perceived gist, which in turn induces a semantic framing of the next explicit loop. The topic of the conversation or the regional accent of the person speaking to us are examples of the semantic and phonological kinds of priming, respectively. Using both phonological and semantic LTM, we fill in, or infer, missing information, which then feeds back to and primes RAMBPHO for its next input. But if hearing is impaired - either through a physical disability or simply because of competing noise - WM kicks in to support listening. In ideal listening conditions, the RAMBPHO input matches a sufficient number of phonological attributes in the mental lexicon - the systematic organization of vocabulary stored in our mind - and triggers our brains to access and comprehend words rapidly and implicitly, which updates our knowledge. The Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) model builds on the assumption that the brain “Rapidly, Automatically, and Multimodally Binds PHOnological” information together and represents it in a very short-term buffer we call RAMBPHO.
My colleagues and I have developed a model that addresses this bottom-up–top-down interaction. Depending on the listening task and how adverse the listening conditions are, these bottom-up and top-down processes interact at different levels in the auditory system. Bottom-up factors relying on the cochlea, the auditory portion of the inner ear, are associated with phonological and linguistic processing. Recent models of language understanding under adverse or distracting conditions have emphasized the complex interactions among language signal, working memory capacity (WMC) and related executive functions, and episodic and semantic long-term memory (LTM).Ĭortical, top-down processes such as working memory (WM) and attention play important roles for very early, as well as late, stages in language processing. Long-term effects of insufficient bottom-up signal processing may affect what is stored in the brain, sometimes causing a negative cycle without understanding, knowledge is not updated, which in turn leads to reduced understanding in the future. The findings from this field hold particular significance for people with hearing impairments, whose inner ears don’t capture complete auditory information for the brain to process. This field examines the way our minds process the auditory signals being sent to the brain, factor in the complexity of what we’re listening to, and adjust to the quality of listening conditions. Scientists in recent years have grown increasingly aware of the integral role cognition plays in communication, and this awareness has spawned a new field of research called cognitive hearing science. This knowledge is critical not only for those trying to converse in a noisy room but also for people with hearing impairments, who must rely on knowledge in this way for just about every conversation they have. In this situation, you are relying on different kinds of knowledge, including contextual cues and relevant memories, to process the information you receive. You struggle to hear everything the person is saying amid the din of surrounding conversation, but even though you miss a word here and there, you have enough context to understand the gist of what the person is telling you. Imagine yourself at a reception, chatting one on one with another guest. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science.Psychological Science in the Public Interest.
Current Directions in Psychological Science.
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